Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a condition that can occur when individuals ascend to high altitudes rapidly, typically above 2,500 meters (8,200 feet). The symptoms of AMS are due to the body’s struggle to adapt to the decreased oxygen levels at higher elevations. More specifically, the symptoms are caused by cerebral vasodilation that occurs in response to hypoxia, in an attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion.1
The typical symptoms of AMS include headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and fatigue. In children the symptoms are less specific including increased fussiness, crying, poor feeding, disrupted sleep, and vomiting. Symptom onset is usually 6-12 hours after arrival to altitude but this can vary.
AMS affects children, adults, males and females equally, with a slight increased incidence in females. It is difficult to believe, but physical fitness does not offer protection against AMS. However, people who are obese, live at low elevation, or undergo intense activities upon arrival to elevation are at increased risk.1
Treatments for Acute Mountain Sickness
Descending
Descending and decreasing altitude is a vital treatment for people with severe symptoms of AMS. By decreasing altitude there will be more oxygen in the air and symptoms will not be as severe..2
Oxygen
Since the main cause of AMS is hypoxia, oxygen supplementation is an effective treatment when descent is not wanted or possible. Supplemental oxygen even at .5L to 1L per hour can be effective in reducing symptoms.1 It can be prescribed for short periods of time or to be used only during sleep In the central Colorado Rockies, this may be a practical solution for “out of towners” who have traveled up to the town of Leadville (10,158’/3096m) for vacation, but in an austere environment supplemental oxygen may not be a reasonable treatment option. There should be symptomatic improvement within one hour.
Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which causes increased secretion of sodium, potassium, bicarb, and water. This mechanism of actions lends beneficial to the treatment of AMS because it decreases the carbonic anhydrase in the brain. 3There is evidence to support the use of acetazolamide in the prevention of AMS, but minimal evidence pointing towards it’s role in treatment. Dosing is inconsistent but is usually prescribed at 125-250mg BID.
Hyperbaric Therapy
Many people consider hyperbaric chambers to be large structures in hospitals, however there are portable and lightweight hyperbaric chambers that can be used in austere environments or during expeditions. The mechanism of action of hyperbaric therapy is a simulated decrease in elevation, of approximately 2500 meters. These chambers will remove symptoms within approximately one hour of use but symptoms are likely to return. They are useful in the field but not frequently required in a hospital setting.1
Lynde Tucker is a third year medical student who grew up in Lake Tahoe California, and moved to Colorado for medical school. She is grateful for the opportunity to be back living in the mountains and working in a mountain community.
References
- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-mountain-sickness-and-high-altitude-cerebral-edema?search=acute%20mountain%20sickness&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~15&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H35
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15111-altitude-sickness
- https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acetazolamide-drug-information?search=acetazolamide%20altitude&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#F129759
